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Final Note.

This blog is designed for students of second IPIA to address mechanical and hope that it will be useful to them.

The intent of the blog is to communicate some simple techniques that can be used for the construction of small pneumatic circuits. The treatment is for this reason set in order not to be heavy and has lots of pictures and animations.

The lessons follow a timeline demoted from newest to oldest. Council then from the first lesson and to navigate within the blog using the hyperlinks here and there or take links the archive of the blog.

I teach in a vocational school and my students are very passionate about this subject. I hope this blog can do excite other students.

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Gianluca Ferraro

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Example of automatic industrial.

Suppose we want to build a circuit that solves the problem of handling materials depicted in Figure 17. A box must pass by a conveyor belt to another. Identifies the following phases:

• 1. The tape T1 port box in position 1 and stop;
• 2. The stem of the cylinder A, activated by a start button, lifting the box out to position 2;
• 3. The stem of the cylinder B by pushing out the box on the tape T2
• 4. When the box is on T2 within the stem of A;
• 5. When he returned to T1 wakes up and is part B.

fig. 17 - System of a materials handling equipment.

Each cylinder must be equipped with two switches: A0 and A1 for the cylinder A, B0 and B1 for the cylinder B. The sequence to be generated is A +, B +, A-, B-and because, at rest, the stems are returned to their limits both A0 and B0 are active. Here are the phases of motion of the circuit:

• You press S connected AND with B0 à It generates the signal A +;
• The stem of the cylinder A, ended its run out, turn on the switch A1 generating the signal B +;
• The rod B, which ended its run, activates the limit switch B1 signal generating A-;
• The stem of A falls and activates the limit A0 signal generating B-;
• Finally the stem of the switch activates B B0;
• S Pressing the cycle starts again.

phases of motion can be represented graphically what is called phase diagram or Ciclogramma (Fig. 18). The x-axis shows the time and the ordinates Stroke.

fig. 18 - Diagram of the stages of the sequence A +, B +, A-, B-.

tab. 8 - Overview of the automatic cycle A +, B +, A-, B-.

lists the components required for the realization of the circuit:

• No 2-cylinder de;
• No 2 selector valves 5 / 2 bistable (one for each cylinder);
• No 4 limit switches (two for each cylinder);
• n.1 valves 3 / 2-button (Start button).

For the realization of the key components are placed from top to bottom, connecting the cylinders to the distributors on the latter indicating the control signals from switches, you mark the positions of switches and eventually complement other connections. The circuit diagram is shown in Figure 19.

fig. 19 - Schematic of the pneumatic circuit Materials handling.

As we saw last time, making the continuous loop of the circuit of Figure 19 by replacing the Start button, a mechanical memory circuit. The complete diagram obtained is shown in Figure 20.

fig. 20 - Schematic of the pneumatic circuit that performs the loop A +, B +, A-, B-. In line with current Joint control circuit Start / Stop.

Watch the video of the lesson.

If you are interested in lessons on the circuit simulation and realization to tire let stand a post and your e-mail.

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cycles.

The diagrams tires so far seen the signs that have generated the movement of mechanical parts were produced by manual controls outside the process of opening and closing the gate.

DEFINITION
A process is called automatically when the signals are generated that implement the same process.

From the above definition we can deduce that the systems examined above are not automatic.

single automatic cycle

Suppose we want to build a circuit where the touch of a button, leave the stem of a cylinder, which completes its run, and then come back. In this case the return signal is generated from the stem of the stem itself. This process is called single-cycle . It is useful for the preparation of the scheme, dividing the cycle into phases and determine the signals that activate the drafting of the prospectus cons (Table 7).

Table 7 - Overview of the automatic cycle A +, A-.

Con A + indicates the output phase of the stalk with the A-phase Return of the stem and A +, A-indicates the complete cycle. S is the signal coming from the start button, the A0 signal switch input of the stem and the A1 signal switch out the stem. The above statement should be interpreted as follows:

• signal S generated by the Start set to switch to the distributor generating A0 + A;

• The switch A1 it transfers the distributor that generates A-.

To realize the circuit so we need:

• No 1-cylinder de;
• No A selector valves 5 / 2 bistable pneumatically driven,
• No 2 limit;
• No Valves 1 3 / 2 NC-button.

For the construction of the scheme must first place components from top to bottom and then trace the connections:

1. You draw the actuators;
2. It indicates the position of switches with dashes in the vicinity of the stem;
3. We draw all distributors are signals that switch them;
4. We draw the limit;
5. You draw the buttons;
6. We trace the links.

switches are always drawn in the position to take when the system is at rest. The scheme of the circuit under test is shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15 - Schematic of pneumatic system for automatic cycle single A +, A-.

continuous automatic cycle

The schedule just got to have carried out a single cycle circuit A +, A-and then stop until it is done again on the Start button.

DEFINITION

A cycle is defined as automatic continuous press a start button when it is repeated continuously until it is stopped with an external signal.

order for the cycle becomes continuous is therefore necessary that:

• the stem after it is returned, automatically succeeds;
• hold the start signal (S) the cycle continues until a signal arrives Stop.

The above conditions are met by replacing the Start button with a memory circuit composed of two mechanical valves 3 / 2 monostable button controlling a valve 3 / 2 bistable M with its own power (Fig. 16).

fig. 16 - Circuit diagram for continuous automatic cycle A +, A-.

At rest, the limit A0 M is active and the valve closed. Pressing the Start (S) you switch the valve M in AND with A0, A + which generates the switching valve 5 / 2 that exits the cylinder rod A. When the stem is released the switch is activated A1 generating the signal that it transfers the A-5 / 2 valve and the stem part. When the stem is returned limit switch is activated AND A0 which is connected with the valve in M \u200b\u200bwhich has remained open: the cycle can start again. To shut down, press the Finish button (F), it transfers the valve M in the "CLOSED". When the cycle is completed in place, and activates the limit A0 valve M is closed and the system stops.

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logic functions NOT and YES.

Now suppose that the circuit should have a security system that will stop the gate during the race encounters an obstacle. This condition can be satisfied predisponedo a sensor on the gate that blocks the flow of air that feeds the circuit when it is operated. This sensor can be a button valve 3 / 2 NA (N Button Figure 9) that lets air in normal conditions and when pressed it locks the transition (Fig. 12). The signal of the button N denies the passage of air for which this type of valve is defined as NOT.

fig. 12 - logical NOT function .

assigning "0 / 1" conditions "absent / present 'signal N input and output signal of the valve will NOT get the truth table on the logical NOT function below.

tab. 5 - Table of truth on the logic function NOT.

Similarly, the logic function allows YES the passage of a signal only in his presence. This function can be realized with a valve 3 / 2 NC, and is usually used for the regeneration of the signals, because all they need is a low-pressure (Y in Fig. 13) to obtain a higher pressure ("Signal" in Fig . 13).

fig. 13 - YES logic function.

tab. 6 - Table of YES on the logic function.

Ultimately we can build the complete diagram of the automated gate controlled by two different planes and with proximity sensor to stop N security (Fig. 14).

fig. 14 - complete pneumatic circuit diagram for the movement of a gate.

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